The Development Quantum Computing Essay Example for Free

The Development Quantum Computing Essay The story of computers started with the abacus invented by the Babylonians around 500 B. C. In 1614 John Napier began to develop mechanical computers such as the Babbage differential engine that could carry out one fixed problem to the accuracy of 20 decimal places using steam power. This is a picture of the left side of the Manchester Mark 1 computer, which was constructed in 1947. However, computing didnt advance until the introduction of vacuum tube powering in the early 20th century and transistors in 1947. At present computers work by manipulating bits, that can only be of discrete values of 1 or 0. In a digital computer the value of a bit is generated by the voltage on a capacitor, with a charged capacitor representing 1 and an uncharged capacitor denoting 0. According to Moores law the number of transistors in computer chips doubles every 18 months and computers have been seen to double in speed and half in size every two years, this is due to advanced lithography that allows wires and transistors contained in chips to be one hundredth of the width of a human hair These computers can carry out calculations using algorithms, a precise set of instructions used to solve a particular problem, an example of a fast or usable algorithm is addition and a slow or hard algorithm is factorisation. There a limits to present computers, that cant seem to be overcome by present technology. Hard algorithms like factorisation increase in time taken to solve exponentially when the number of digits increase, factorising a 400 digit number would take the most technologically advanced computer a billion years to perform. Computers have also reached their present size boundaries as transistors and wires cant be decreased to less than a width of an atom. (Approximately 10? 10 meters) The dawn of quantum computers In 1982 Richard Feynman began to consider the idea of quantum computers and in 1985 a revolutionary paper was published by David Deutsch of Oxford university, describing a universal quantum computer, however a use for quantum computers couldnt be found, until 1994 when Peter Shor from ATTs Bells laboratories devised a quantum algorithm that could theoretically perform efficient factorisation, creating a killer application for quantum computers for their great potential to break complex codes, for example electronic bank accounts, which gain their security from the present difficulty in factorising large numbers. What a Quantum computer can do for you In order to continue the advance in computing a new type of technology needed to be exploited. According to quantum physics a subatomic particle cant be said to exist, there are only probabilities of its existence and position until its definite state and position is discovered, then its probabilities collapse. Quantum physics breaks down the classically binary nature of a bit, with the invention of a quantum bit or qubit that can exist in coherent superposition, i. e. as a 0, 1 or simultaneously as a 1 and 0, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability of each state. The qubit is represented by the nuclear spins of each individual atom, for example the change in energy state. When you perform a calculation using an electron existing in both states you are performing two calculations, when another superposed qubit is added four calculations can be performed at once and so on. This exponential increase means that the time taken to carry out calculations rapidly decreases. The time to carry out calculations also decreases as atoms change energy states far quicker than even the fastest computer processors. With only a few hundred qubits it is possible to represent more numbers than there are atoms in our universe. It also increases storage capacity exponentially, as N qubits can store 2 numbers at once. Imagine the qubits are atoms whose different electronic states can be controlled by a tuned laser; this will change their state allowing in only one computational step a calculation to be performed on 2 different input numbers encoded in coherent superpositions of N qubits. The actual space a quantum computer will take up will be significantly smaller than present day desk tops, allowing the further development of sophisticated, efficient palm held computers. This is because given the right calculation each qubit can take the place of an entire processor, meaning that 100 barium ions could take the place of 100 computer processors. Aside from computers quantum technology has developed rapidly in the last ten years. In June 2002 a team of Australian scientist were able to teleport a laser beam, causing it to disappear and be regenerated 3 ft away, the results are yet to be confirmed but if they are sound this development could in a matter of years be able to teleport actual objects significant distances. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance After Shors discovery quantum computing construction began in earnest, however due to the phenomena of decoherence no atom or photon, being the qubit, can be of an undetermined state after being detected, the probabilities collapse and its state becomes definite. This makes further calculations impossible as the exponential element of the qubit has been lost, causing it to behave as a regular analogous bit. In order to keep the coherence of the qubit the inner workings of a quantum computer must be separate from the outside environment to stop any interactions that may determine the state of the qubit from occurring, but also be accessible so that calculations can be carried out and results obtained. A solution was Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) a technique developed in the 1940s, which is widely used in medical imagery and chemistry. Experiments were carried out, during the mid 1990s and it was found using a classical fluid made of many (1023) selected molecules allowed each qubit to be represented by many molecules allowing interactions to take place between some of the molecules but still maintaining the coherence of the qubit. NMR treats the spins of qubits as tiny bar magnets that will line up when a magnetic field is applied, allowing manipulation of the qubits. Two alternative alignments are generated one parallel to the external field and one anti-parallel to the field, corresponding to two different quantum states. NMR procedures also use an oscillating electromagnetic field, which is specially selected according to the properties of the molecules used. This causes certain spins in the liquid to be rotated, causing them to perform the different calculations required. Example Hydrogen nuclei placed in a magnetic field of 10 tesla, change orientation at a frequency of 400 megahertz (radio frequency) Due to decoherence the pulse is only turned on for a few millionths of a second but can cause the spins to rotate by 180 degrees, a pulse half that length causes a 90 degree spin. This causes the spins to be of state 1 or 0 with equal probability. This causes the spin to rotate about the magnetic field, as shown in the image on the right. This rotation emits a weak radio signal, which is picked up by the NMR apparatus.

Cats Amazing Ability to Survive Falls Essay -- physics cat cats fall

Your chance of surviving a fall of 50 feet (approximately 4 stories) is about 50%, while almost no one who falls 6 stories will be around to tell their tale. However, in a study conducted by Manhattan veterinarians, Drs. Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff, it was discovered that out of 115 cases of cats falling (accidentally) from multi-story heights, 90% of them survived. An even more surprising result is that if a cat falls from more than 7 stories its chance of survival doubles, compared to a cat having fallen from 2 to 7 stories (a story averages about 12 feet). No wonder cats are fabled to have nine lives. It turns out that the two most important variables which contribute to the cat's survival are its ability to land on its feet and its reaching terminal velocity (both of which involve a fair deal of physics). Whitney & Melhaff's Study Cats' apparent fearlessness concerning heights leads to many accidental falls. In fact so many cats are brought to veterinarians for treatment after a fall, that in 1976 Dr. Gordon Robinson coined the term feline high-rise syndrome to describe the resulting pattern of injuries. Eleven years later Drs. Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff at the Animal Medical Center in Manhattan conducted a study over a five month period on cats brought in for treatment after a fall. They compiled a database of 115 cats who fell a range of two to thirty-two stories, primarily ending their falls on concrete pavement. The mean fall was 5.5 stories. Three of the cats were dead upon arrival and 8 more died in the next twenty-four hours, leaving 104 living cats or about 90%. This is a remarkable statistic. When the height the cats fell is taken into account, it is found that only 5% of the cats who fell seven ... ... a small amount of mass, but also their ability comes from their flying squirrel (relaxed) posture upon reaching terminal velocity and from their superb inner gyroscope. Works Cited * Diamond, Jared. "How Cats Survive Falls from New York Skyscapers," Natural History 20-26; August 1989. * Diamod, Jared. "Why cats have nine lives," Nature 332, 586-587; April 14, 1988. * Fredrickson, J. E. "The tail-less cat in free-fall," The Physics Teacher. 27, 620-625; November 1989. * Halliday, David, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker. Fundamentals of Physics, 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997. * Mehlhaff, Cheryl and Wayne Whitney. "High-rise syndrome in cats," J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191, 1399-1403;1987. * "Terminal Velocity," Discover 9,10; August 1988. * Von Baeyer, Hans Christian. "Swing Shift," The Sciences 30, 2-4; May/June 1990.

BJB Manufacturing Company Essay

Instructor namePart II: BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Theory The organizational direction leads way to research and note that Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s 14 point plan for management. Deming’s theory for management has significantly improved the effectiveness and lives of many individuals through the focus of quality and improvement especially in the workforce of organizations around the world. His theory allows for organizations and its employees to plan better for the future and improve their processes, services, products, and relationships. Deming’s philosophy also institutes cooperation and processes for continual improvement in systems and communication. His 14-points for management focused on understanding implementation and change management to increased quality. It represented solutions to problems encountered by companies. BJB Manufacturing Company use of this theory includes suppliers, management, employees, and customers input for continued process improvement. Suggested Quality Theory for BJB Manufacturing Company Deming’s 4 points for management theory does provide steps that ensure great quality. His theory transforms the manner in which managers conduct his or her jobs from a production standpoint and helps leaders to stay focused on the methods of improving the production system. The point is to have them avoid focusing on one area of the process. Deming’s theory also stresses that manufacturing is a system and that the supplier and customer are an important part of the quality system. When there is consistent feedback from the customers, it helps with the improvement of the services and products. The theory recommends steady improvement of individuals within the system, and the communication that goes on between them. Deming’s 14 Points-Customer-Driven and Process-Driven Quality Requirements Deming’s 14 points for management are applicable in customer-driven and process-driven quality management. Customers are the stakeholders and BJB Manufacturing Company cannot live without them. It is important for  organizational management, employees, and supervisors to look at things through the customers viewpoint of quality and how the company employs quality management throughout the business. When understanding the customer’s viewpoint of quality that is provided, it allows the company to implement the actions that must be taken to improve the quality, service, and manufacturing, and further refine the path to success (Foster, 2007). Companies in the manufacturing industry need to ensure that the products go beyond the demand of the customer’s, the value, supply, quality, and satisfaction. BJB Manufacturing Company will achieve this goal by employing cross-functional levels of excellence throughout the organization. The organization will ensure that the materials being used to produce the products are of the highest quality while conducting quality control checks prior to shipment. The organization must empower employees to identify concerns of quality in production of the compact disc changers and work to eliminate the barrier of fear in the company in order to improve the quality. Once the fear is eliminated and the company has established effective communication between the management and employees, the company can improve the production and services and be on a good path toward increased productivity which will exceed customer expectations. Deming’s 14 points for management are key to ensure good quality. Part II of the quality management focuses on instituting a climate of leadership, providing employees with the tools they need in order to succeed, breaking down barriers to production, and inspiring employees which can produce a transitional climate capable of success. Deming’s 14 points theory of management can apply to small and large organizations, the service industry, and manufacturing. They equally apply to any division within a company and to its suppliers (Deming’s 14 Points, 2011). Part III: BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Implementation Strategy BJB Manufacturing Company’s quest to develop a systematic process to exceed customer needs and expectation requires an implementation strategy that the whole organization can engage in a continued improvement process. This strategy to influence customer satisfaction must address quality management issues within the manufacturing process and determine an effective means to provide focus across all aspects of the business. This effort of deploying the quality management initiative requires application across every business sectors and  functions of the organization.

Harley Davidson Supply Chain Management - 2054 Words

MANAGING THE SUPPLY CHAIH SHASHANK BHOJE COVENTRY UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. SUMMARY 4 3. MAJOR CHALLENGES 6 4. STEPS TAKEN TO ENCOUNTER CHALLENGES 8 5. CONCLUSION 15 6. REFERENCE 16 INTRODUCTION†¦show more content†¦The company went public because there was very little chance of recovering. The Fig. 1 shows how quality of product can ruin the business. Fig. 1 Consequences of poor quality *1 COMPETITION Competition is one of society’s most powerful forces for making things better in many fields of human endeavour. Harley Davidson was once dominating the American motorcycle industry in fact it had a monopoly. Due to Harley manufactured heavyweight motorcycles it had a niche market with very little competition. But due to quality problems the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers gained advantage. And also Japanese had newer technology and product to offer which gave them edge over Harley. 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