The Development Quantum Computing Essay Example for Free

The Development Quantum Computing Essay The story of computers started with the abacus invented by the Babylonians around 500 B. C. In 1614 John Napier began to develop mechanical computers such as the Babbage differential engine that could carry out one fixed problem to the accuracy of 20 decimal places using steam power. This is a picture of the left side of the Manchester Mark 1 computer, which was constructed in 1947. However, computing didnt advance until the introduction of vacuum tube powering in the early 20th century and transistors in 1947. At present computers work by manipulating bits, that can only be of discrete values of 1 or 0. In a digital computer the value of a bit is generated by the voltage on a capacitor, with a charged capacitor representing 1 and an uncharged capacitor denoting 0. According to Moores law the number of transistors in computer chips doubles every 18 months and computers have been seen to double in speed and half in size every two years, this is due to advanced lithography that allows wires and transistors contained in chips to be one hundredth of the width of a human hair These computers can carry out calculations using algorithms, a precise set of instructions used to solve a particular problem, an example of a fast or usable algorithm is addition and a slow or hard algorithm is factorisation. There a limits to present computers, that cant seem to be overcome by present technology. Hard algorithms like factorisation increase in time taken to solve exponentially when the number of digits increase, factorising a 400 digit number would take the most technologically advanced computer a billion years to perform. Computers have also reached their present size boundaries as transistors and wires cant be decreased to less than a width of an atom. (Approximately 10? 10 meters) The dawn of quantum computers In 1982 Richard Feynman began to consider the idea of quantum computers and in 1985 a revolutionary paper was published by David Deutsch of Oxford university, describing a universal quantum computer, however a use for quantum computers couldnt be found, until 1994 when Peter Shor from ATTs Bells laboratories devised a quantum algorithm that could theoretically perform efficient factorisation, creating a killer application for quantum computers for their great potential to break complex codes, for example electronic bank accounts, which gain their security from the present difficulty in factorising large numbers. What a Quantum computer can do for you In order to continue the advance in computing a new type of technology needed to be exploited. According to quantum physics a subatomic particle cant be said to exist, there are only probabilities of its existence and position until its definite state and position is discovered, then its probabilities collapse. Quantum physics breaks down the classically binary nature of a bit, with the invention of a quantum bit or qubit that can exist in coherent superposition, i. e. as a 0, 1 or simultaneously as a 1 and 0, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability of each state. The qubit is represented by the nuclear spins of each individual atom, for example the change in energy state. When you perform a calculation using an electron existing in both states you are performing two calculations, when another superposed qubit is added four calculations can be performed at once and so on. This exponential increase means that the time taken to carry out calculations rapidly decreases. The time to carry out calculations also decreases as atoms change energy states far quicker than even the fastest computer processors. With only a few hundred qubits it is possible to represent more numbers than there are atoms in our universe. It also increases storage capacity exponentially, as N qubits can store 2 numbers at once. Imagine the qubits are atoms whose different electronic states can be controlled by a tuned laser; this will change their state allowing in only one computational step a calculation to be performed on 2 different input numbers encoded in coherent superpositions of N qubits. The actual space a quantum computer will take up will be significantly smaller than present day desk tops, allowing the further development of sophisticated, efficient palm held computers. This is because given the right calculation each qubit can take the place of an entire processor, meaning that 100 barium ions could take the place of 100 computer processors. Aside from computers quantum technology has developed rapidly in the last ten years. In June 2002 a team of Australian scientist were able to teleport a laser beam, causing it to disappear and be regenerated 3 ft away, the results are yet to be confirmed but if they are sound this development could in a matter of years be able to teleport actual objects significant distances. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance After Shors discovery quantum computing construction began in earnest, however due to the phenomena of decoherence no atom or photon, being the qubit, can be of an undetermined state after being detected, the probabilities collapse and its state becomes definite. This makes further calculations impossible as the exponential element of the qubit has been lost, causing it to behave as a regular analogous bit. In order to keep the coherence of the qubit the inner workings of a quantum computer must be separate from the outside environment to stop any interactions that may determine the state of the qubit from occurring, but also be accessible so that calculations can be carried out and results obtained. A solution was Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) a technique developed in the 1940s, which is widely used in medical imagery and chemistry. Experiments were carried out, during the mid 1990s and it was found using a classical fluid made of many (1023) selected molecules allowed each qubit to be represented by many molecules allowing interactions to take place between some of the molecules but still maintaining the coherence of the qubit. NMR treats the spins of qubits as tiny bar magnets that will line up when a magnetic field is applied, allowing manipulation of the qubits. Two alternative alignments are generated one parallel to the external field and one anti-parallel to the field, corresponding to two different quantum states. NMR procedures also use an oscillating electromagnetic field, which is specially selected according to the properties of the molecules used. This causes certain spins in the liquid to be rotated, causing them to perform the different calculations required. Example Hydrogen nuclei placed in a magnetic field of 10 tesla, change orientation at a frequency of 400 megahertz (radio frequency) Due to decoherence the pulse is only turned on for a few millionths of a second but can cause the spins to rotate by 180 degrees, a pulse half that length causes a 90 degree spin. This causes the spins to be of state 1 or 0 with equal probability. This causes the spin to rotate about the magnetic field, as shown in the image on the right. This rotation emits a weak radio signal, which is picked up by the NMR apparatus.

Cats Amazing Ability to Survive Falls Essay -- physics cat cats fall

Your chance of surviving a fall of 50 feet (approximately 4 stories) is about 50%, while almost no one who falls 6 stories will be around to tell their tale. However, in a study conducted by Manhattan veterinarians, Drs. Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff, it was discovered that out of 115 cases of cats falling (accidentally) from multi-story heights, 90% of them survived. An even more surprising result is that if a cat falls from more than 7 stories its chance of survival doubles, compared to a cat having fallen from 2 to 7 stories (a story averages about 12 feet). No wonder cats are fabled to have nine lives. It turns out that the two most important variables which contribute to the cat's survival are its ability to land on its feet and its reaching terminal velocity (both of which involve a fair deal of physics). Whitney & Melhaff's Study Cats' apparent fearlessness concerning heights leads to many accidental falls. In fact so many cats are brought to veterinarians for treatment after a fall, that in 1976 Dr. Gordon Robinson coined the term feline high-rise syndrome to describe the resulting pattern of injuries. Eleven years later Drs. Wayne Whitney and Cheryl Mehlhaff at the Animal Medical Center in Manhattan conducted a study over a five month period on cats brought in for treatment after a fall. They compiled a database of 115 cats who fell a range of two to thirty-two stories, primarily ending their falls on concrete pavement. The mean fall was 5.5 stories. Three of the cats were dead upon arrival and 8 more died in the next twenty-four hours, leaving 104 living cats or about 90%. This is a remarkable statistic. When the height the cats fell is taken into account, it is found that only 5% of the cats who fell seven ... ... a small amount of mass, but also their ability comes from their flying squirrel (relaxed) posture upon reaching terminal velocity and from their superb inner gyroscope. Works Cited * Diamond, Jared. "How Cats Survive Falls from New York Skyscapers," Natural History 20-26; August 1989. * Diamod, Jared. "Why cats have nine lives," Nature 332, 586-587; April 14, 1988. * Fredrickson, J. E. "The tail-less cat in free-fall," The Physics Teacher. 27, 620-625; November 1989. * Halliday, David, Robert Resnick and Jearl Walker. Fundamentals of Physics, 5th ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997. * Mehlhaff, Cheryl and Wayne Whitney. "High-rise syndrome in cats," J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191, 1399-1403;1987. * "Terminal Velocity," Discover 9,10; August 1988. * Von Baeyer, Hans Christian. "Swing Shift," The Sciences 30, 2-4; May/June 1990.

BJB Manufacturing Company Essay

Instructor namePart II: BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Theory The organizational direction leads way to research and note that Dr. W. Edwards Deming’s 14 point plan for management. Deming’s theory for management has significantly improved the effectiveness and lives of many individuals through the focus of quality and improvement especially in the workforce of organizations around the world. His theory allows for organizations and its employees to plan better for the future and improve their processes, services, products, and relationships. Deming’s philosophy also institutes cooperation and processes for continual improvement in systems and communication. His 14-points for management focused on understanding implementation and change management to increased quality. It represented solutions to problems encountered by companies. BJB Manufacturing Company use of this theory includes suppliers, management, employees, and customers input for continued process improvement. Suggested Quality Theory for BJB Manufacturing Company Deming’s 4 points for management theory does provide steps that ensure great quality. His theory transforms the manner in which managers conduct his or her jobs from a production standpoint and helps leaders to stay focused on the methods of improving the production system. The point is to have them avoid focusing on one area of the process. Deming’s theory also stresses that manufacturing is a system and that the supplier and customer are an important part of the quality system. When there is consistent feedback from the customers, it helps with the improvement of the services and products. The theory recommends steady improvement of individuals within the system, and the communication that goes on between them. Deming’s 14 Points-Customer-Driven and Process-Driven Quality Requirements Deming’s 14 points for management are applicable in customer-driven and process-driven quality management. Customers are the stakeholders and BJB Manufacturing Company cannot live without them. It is important for  organizational management, employees, and supervisors to look at things through the customers viewpoint of quality and how the company employs quality management throughout the business. When understanding the customer’s viewpoint of quality that is provided, it allows the company to implement the actions that must be taken to improve the quality, service, and manufacturing, and further refine the path to success (Foster, 2007). Companies in the manufacturing industry need to ensure that the products go beyond the demand of the customer’s, the value, supply, quality, and satisfaction. BJB Manufacturing Company will achieve this goal by employing cross-functional levels of excellence throughout the organization. The organization will ensure that the materials being used to produce the products are of the highest quality while conducting quality control checks prior to shipment. The organization must empower employees to identify concerns of quality in production of the compact disc changers and work to eliminate the barrier of fear in the company in order to improve the quality. Once the fear is eliminated and the company has established effective communication between the management and employees, the company can improve the production and services and be on a good path toward increased productivity which will exceed customer expectations. Deming’s 14 points for management are key to ensure good quality. Part II of the quality management focuses on instituting a climate of leadership, providing employees with the tools they need in order to succeed, breaking down barriers to production, and inspiring employees which can produce a transitional climate capable of success. Deming’s 14 points theory of management can apply to small and large organizations, the service industry, and manufacturing. They equally apply to any division within a company and to its suppliers (Deming’s 14 Points, 2011). Part III: BJB Manufacturing Company Quality Management Implementation Strategy BJB Manufacturing Company’s quest to develop a systematic process to exceed customer needs and expectation requires an implementation strategy that the whole organization can engage in a continued improvement process. This strategy to influence customer satisfaction must address quality management issues within the manufacturing process and determine an effective means to provide focus across all aspects of the business. This effort of deploying the quality management initiative requires application across every business sectors and  functions of the organization.

Harley Davidson Supply Chain Management - 2054 Words

MANAGING THE SUPPLY CHAIH SHASHANK BHOJE COVENTRY UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. SUMMARY 4 3. MAJOR CHALLENGES 6 4. STEPS TAKEN TO ENCOUNTER CHALLENGES 8 5. CONCLUSION 15 6. REFERENCE 16 INTRODUCTION†¦show more content†¦The company went public because there was very little chance of recovering. The Fig. 1 shows how quality of product can ruin the business. Fig. 1 Consequences of poor quality *1 COMPETITION Competition is one of society’s most powerful forces for making things better in many fields of human endeavour. Harley Davidson was once dominating the American motorcycle industry in fact it had a monopoly. Due to Harley manufactured heavyweight motorcycles it had a niche market with very little competition. But due to quality problems the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers gained advantage. And also Japanese had newer technology and product to offer which gave them edge over Harley. SCHEDULING AND INVENTORY MANAGEMENT A company with large amounts of buffer stocks shows lack of improper management. Emphasis on scheduling for component or product manufacturing was not given by Harley Davidson. This led to over stocking of its Inventory of both finished and unfinished goods. Managing of the supply chain was not given the priority. Because of this there was around $ 24 million worth of Inventory in their warehouse with only 4.5 inventory turns per year. This bolted up cash and reduced productivity. With over stocking arise quality problems, lower profits, higher holding cost, security cost, stock may becomeShow MoreRelatedHarley Davidson Supply Chain Management1796 Words   |  8 PagesRunning head: HARLEY DAVIDSON SUPPLY CHAIN 1 HARLEY DAVIDSON SUPPLY CHAIN 5 Harley Davidson Supply Chain Name Institutional affiliation Date Harley Davidson Supply Chain Background Harley Davidson is a motorcycle manufacturing company whose headquarters are located in Milwaukee Wisconsin. The company is the biggest motorcycle producer inRead More Using RFID Technology to Replace Bar Codes and Scanners in the Harley-Davidson Company1720 Words   |  7 PagesOverview of the Case Study Harley-Davidson (H-D) and other companies that have many manufacturing plants or production units and various dealerships may consider implementing RFID technology as a means of increasing the efficiency of all parts of its supply chain. An abstract from Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia describes Radio-frequency identification (RFID), as a technology that uses radio waves to transmit data and uniquely identify an animal, person or thing. This case study looks at theRead MoreHarley Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pages1. Explain how Talon helps Harley Davidson employees improve their decision making capabilities. Talon is a very successful ERP system. It integrates information from every Harley-Davidson store and performs routine tasks. The former allows employees to focus on customer satisfaction because critical, detailed information is available, thus saving time because the information is already available which facilitates a customer oriented environment that builds strong relationships and customer loyaltyRead MoreHarley Davidson Motorcycle Company Case Study1000 Words   |  4 PagesBackground Harley-Davidson Motorcycle Company was established in 1903 by William Harley and Walter, William, and Arthur Davidson, who built their first three motorcycles in a shed Milwaukee. The company became one of leading motorcycle manufacturer in the world, by producing 28000 motorcycles per year and having dealerships in 67 countries by 1920. In spite of many rivals the company survived during the 1930 depression along with an Indian company. The company has employed 6000 employees worldwideRead MoreHarley Davidsons Customer-Centered Supply Chain1534 Words   |  7 PagesMAKING MARKETING DECISIONS Case 5-1 Harley Davidsons Customer-Centered Supply Chain 1. How can Harley Davidson marketing and sales, personnel interact with its purchasing personnel to further strengthen the supply chain and improve customer loyalty? To further strengthen the supply chain and improve customer loyalty. Harley Davidson marketing and sales personnel must interact with its purchasing personnel to integrate the supply chain from supplier of raw materials and getting the product deliveredRead MoreEc 544 Week 3 Case Study Essay768 Words   |  4 Pagesand its potential uses in Harley-Davidson’s supply chain using the information presented in this chapter and information you obtain through the Online Companion links, your favorite search engine, and your library. In about 400 words, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages for Harley-Davidson of replacing its bar codes and scanners technology with RFID. The advantages associated with using RFID technology for supply management are clearly the reason why Harley Davidson would even consider implementingRead MoreHarley Davidson Is The Biggest Motorcycle Producer1660 Words   |  7 PagesHarley Davidson is a motorcycle manufacturing company whose headquarters is located in Milwaukee Wisconsin. The company is the biggest motorcycle producer in the United States, it is over a century old. Started by the Davidson brothers- Arthur, William, and Walter together with William s. Harvey, the company designs, manufactures, and distributes motorcycles not only in the United States but also to the rest of the world. It has since been producing heavyweight machines for its loyal customersRead MoreHarley Davidson Case Study Essay examples752 Words   |  4 Pages1. Explain how Talon helps Harley-Davidson employees improve their decision making capabilities. Talon is Harley-Davidson’s proprietary dealer management system. Talon handles inventory, vehicle registration, warranties, and point-of-sale transactions for all of Harley-Davidson’s dealerships. The system helps improve decision-making capabilities by offering an enterprise wide view of operations, sales, and expenses. The system automatically generates part orders, taking much of the guesswork outRead MoreExecutive Summary of Harley-Davidson1375 Words   |  6 PagesFeb 4, 2006 Topic : Harley-Davidson‘s Strategic vision, company objectives, and overall strategy 1. Summary of the company business model betwen1994 Ââ€" 2003: Harley-Davidson is the 100-year-old, leader in manufacturing and selling motorcycles. Good relationships, continuous improvement, employee and management involvement, team building or employee training and empowerment are not just words out of a management book for Harley-Davidson. Only by adopting those management techniques and buildingRead MoreHarley Davidson-Supply Chian2291 Words   |  10 Pages1 Introduction 3 2 Supply Chain Management 3 2.1 Quality management 4 2.2 Inventory management 5 2.3 Supplier development 6 Stage (1) Identify, Assess, and Rationalize the supply base 6 Stage (2) Problem-Solving Development 7 Stage (3) Proactive Development 8 Stage (4) Integrative Development 9 A summary of supplier development 10 3 Conclusion 11 Reference 12 1 Introduction Harley Davidson is a famous American motorcycle manufacturer. Harley Davidson was founded in 1903, it

Edit and Proofread Your College Essay in Eight Steps

Editing is a necessary part of the writing process. When you edit something you write, you inevitably make it better. This is especially true when it comes to writing essays.  Proofreading and editing your essay can seem tedious, but it is actually a simple task if you tackle it in an organized manner. Just remember to take it slow and check for one thing at a time. Step One: Use the Spellchecker Chances are you used a word processor to compose your essay. Most word processing programs are equipped with a spellchecker. To begin editing your essay, use the spellchecker option to check for spelling errors. Correct problems as you go. Next, use the grammar checker on your word processing program (if it has one) to check for grammar errors. Most grammar checkers now look for comma usage, run-on sentences, passive sentences, tense problems, and more. Using your judgment and the grammar checker’s suggestions, edit your essay. Step Two: Print Your Essay Now it’s time to begin manually checking your essay. You could do this on your computer but it is better to print a copy if you can. Errors will be easier to catch on paper than on a computer screen. Step Three: Review Your Thesis Statement Begin by reading the thesis statement of your essay. Is it clear and easy to understand? Does the content of the essay properly support the statement? If not, consider revising the statement to reflect the content. Step Three: Review the Introduction Make sure that your introduction is concise and adequately developed. It should be more than a statement of your intentions and opinion. The introduction should set the tone of your essay- a tone that continues throughout. The tone should be consistent with the subject matter and the audience that you want to reach. Step Four: Review the Paragraph Structure Check the paragraph structure of your essay. Each paragraph should contain pertinent information and be free of empty sentences. Get rid of any sentence that seems slightly irrelevant. Also, check your transition sentences. Your essay will appear choppy is there is not a clear transition from one idea into the next. Step Five: Review the Conclusion The conclusion of your essay should reference your thesis statement. It should also be consistent with the structure and/or argument of your essay. Take extra time to polish your conclusion. It will be the last thing the reader sees and the first thing that they remember. Step Six: Read Your Essay Aloud Next, read your essay aloud. Pause in your reading as punctuation indicates. This will help you determine how your essay flows and sounds. If you hear something that you don’t like, change it and see if it sounds better. Step Seven: Manually Check Spelling, Grammar, and Punctuation Once the content of your essay has been rewritten, it’s essential that you manually check for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Your word processor will not catch everything. Check carefully for subject/verb agreement, tense sequence, plurals and possessives, fragments, run-ons, and comma usage.   Step Eight: Get Feedback If possible, have someone else read your essay and offer suggestions for improvement. If you don’t have anyone who can do this for you, do it yourself. Because you’ve spent so much time looking at it by now, set your essay aside for a couple of days before going back to it. This will allow you to critique it with a fresh pair of eyes. Editing and Proofreading Tips When writing your essay, make sure you allow time for edits.Follow the rules of your assignment. If you were given a word count, abide by it.Fact check. Fact check. Fact check.For a more organized essay, create an outline prior to writing. When you edit, refer to your outline to make sure that you covered all of the necessary points.Proofread slowly. Its easy to miss errors when you read too fast.

Lgbt Community s Endeavor For Equality - 998 Words

Introduction From the early Homophile Movement to the modern day Human Rights Campaign, the LGBT community’s endeavor for equality was granted a long-time goal on June 26, 2015 when the Supreme Court ruled same-sex marriage a nationwide right. As LGBT movements have gained popularity in the fight for equal rights, LGBT culture has struggled to find a place in mainstream media. Within the community itself, there is an underrepresentation of LGBT individuals. In particular, transgender individuals are underrepresented and more negatively portrayed in media than other members of the LGBT community. There was a lack of easily accessible information regarding transgender individuals. The sources in this paper use the terms â€Å"gay,† â€Å"lesbian,† â€Å"LGB,† and â€Å"LGBT/Q†. For the sake of coherence, these terms will all be collapsed into the general term â€Å"LGBT† with the understanding that all members within this culture are not the sa me and are not represented the same. History of the LGBT Movement The 1950s: The Homophile Movement As a part of the homophile movement of the 1950s, the Mattachine Society was one of the earliest homosexual advocacy groups in the U.S. formed by three members of the Communist party. While left wing ideologies were slowly being abandoned, the Mattachine Society took the position that homosexuals were deserving of pity that played into the new ideology that homosexuals were psychologically damaged people (Ashley, 2015). The 1960s and 1970s: The GayShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Employment Non Discrimination Act2185 Words   |  9 PagesEmployment Non-Discrimination Act Researchers show that anywhere from 15% to 43% percent of LGBT have encountered some variety of unfairness and harassment in the workplace (Center Progress, 2011). Further, 8 % to 17 % of LGBT state being passed over for employment or fired due to their sexual orientation. Ten percent to 28 percent experienced a negative performance review or were overlooked for a promotion due to being gay. Moreover, 7 % to 41 % of gays faced harassment, abuse, or antigay vandalismRead MoreThe Issue Of The Gay Rights Movement1791 Words   |  8 Pagesthrough the 1990’s. There were many milestones and important events that occurred and helped to propel rights for this segment of society in a positive direction. Although this is a great thing and I believe there have been many positive advances I continue to believe that we have a long way to go to accomplish equality. The word â€Å"equality† has been used a lot over our recent fight for rights but truly believe it is the most accu rate term to convey what is so lacking for the GLBT community. As a gayRead MoreBlack Lesbian And Gay Families7002 Words   |  29 Pages Although marriage equality continues to be in the legislative and media spotlight, little attention has been placed on the significance of legalizing same sex marriage for Black families. This article will discuss the available research on Black lesbian and gay families, highlighting both the strengths and challenges these families negotiate. Focusing on the resources Black lesbian and gay families provide to the Black community, such as foster parenting and adopting Black children, mentoringRead MoreMarriage Equality And The Rights1824 Words   |  8 PagesMarriage equality seems so simple when first spoken of. Either people should be allowed to marry someone of their own gender or they shouldn’t. However, like so many seemingly black and white issues, marriage equality is an exceedingly complex issue involving several levels of government and a confusing patchwork of bandaid-like laws that serve as points of contention in every community in which they exist. Somewhere aroun d 15.8 million American’s can be classified as gay or lesbian and untold othersRead MoreSocial Orders And Its Effects On Society Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pages Equality in the 21st century is conditional, even though all individuals are made equivalent in rights, poise, and the possibility to accomplish incredible things. To genuinely open doors that have been locked for centuries, requires that we have to rise to access to the regale, weights and obligations of our public paying little mind to race, sex, class, religion, sexual introduction, inability, or different parts of what we look like or where we originate from. Individuals have constantlyRead MoreBusiness Enterprise And Its Internal Environment2854 Words   |  12 PagesBoard of Directors and even third party providers) follow the values in every action. The company has been able to generate a strong brand association with its values and they have in turn helped the company build a positive brand image in the community. the company undertakes various socially responsible activities as well as enforces strict corporate governance. This is reflected in the awards and accolades that have been awarded to the company over the years. It has helped the company build aRead MoreInterracial Relationships And How The Media Portrays Them From The Abc Sitcom Essay2022 Words   |  9 Pagesfrom the ABC sitcom How to Get Away with Murder. Interracial relationships have always been frowned up for years and years. Many cultures want you to date your own race and not explore other cultures, especially the Caucasian and African American community. 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The vision and mission statements according to PepsiCo’s official website are as follows: Mission â€Å"To be the world s premier consumer products company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity.† Vision â€Å"To put into action through

Arthur Kornberg A Nobel Laureate Free Essays

Arthur Kornberg was born on March 3, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. He was educated in Abraham Lincoln High School and continued his education at the City College of New York. This was where he first received his scientific training as he graduated with a degree in science in 1937. We will write a custom essay sample on Arthur Kornberg: A Nobel Laureate or any similar topic only for you Order Now He received his medical degree in 1941 from the University of Rochester and proceeded with his internship in internal medicine. He then served in the U.S. Public Health Service as a commissioned officer where his first assignment was to be doctor in the Navy, serving as a ship’s doctor. Fortunately, he was given the opportunity to continue his research work as a scientist at the National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He served at the NIH from 1942 to 1953. This is where he decided to direct his research to mainly concentrate with enzymes. Dr. Kornberg received further studies and training in enzymology. In New York University School of Medicine, he trained with Professor Severo Ochoa in 1946. A year later, he pursued enzymology with Professor Carl Cori at the Washington University School of Medicine. He later returned to service at the NIH and became the organizer and director of the Institute’s Enzyme Section. He later received an offer as the chairman of the Department of Microbiology of Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri prompting him to resign his position of Medical Director in Bethesda. He later transferred to Standford University School of Medicine in 1959. This is where he organized a Department of Biochemistry and served as the chairman until 1969. After his term, he served as a professor and in 1988 he accepted the title Professor Emeritus (Kornberg 2005, Kumin 2005). Dr. Kornberg devoted most of his studies isolating and purifying enzymes significant in cellular machinery. Until the first half of the 20th century, questions on enzymatic function and their cellular specificity were left unanswered. This became Dr. Kornberg’s primary area  of interest. In 1941, Beadle and Tatum from Standford demonstrated that through chemical functions, genes control life processes. Immediately after this discovery, Oswald Avery and his team from the Rockefellar Institute asserted that DNA drives this process instead of proteins, which was the primary assumption of the scientific community. Later, the famous James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the first detailed model of the DNA, demonstrating its structure as the well-known double helix (McCook 2007 and Telegraph.co.uk 2007). The primary subject of Kornberg’s research was due to his interest in discovery enzymatic mechanisms and functions. Together with Dr. Severo Ochoa, he discovered the ezyme Polymerase I which is the primary catalyst of DNA synthesis. They were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1959 for their elucidation of the basic DNA replication mechanisms (Kumin 2007 and McCook 2007). This success of Kornberg in producing a chemically exact and inert genetic material called the DNA is a milestone in the field of biochemistry. It is an important leap towards the understanding of the material that compose the genes. This is important in the issues and questions on inheritance and transmission of traits (Telegraph.co.uk 2007). Kornberg and Ochoa both specialized on the field of protein biochemistry. But this breakthrough discovery was actually concerned mainly on the field of molecular genetics. His primary technique was to isolate enzymes in a chemist’s lab and comprehending them biologically. This is a very significant approach in understanding of cellular molecular biology. In 1967, Kornberg successfully synthesized the first active virus within a lab. It was identified as PhiX174, a biologically active virus synthesized by a biochemist (Kumin 2007 and Altman 2007). After his extensive research on enzymatic synthesis of coenzymes and inorganic pyrophosphate, his interest led him to the study of the biosynthesis of nucleic acids,  particularly DNA. He demonstrated the pathways of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide synthesis, elaborating with the mechanisms and detailed steps on the process. Here, he found that there is an intermediate PRPP to the enzyme concerned in the assemblage of building blocks into DNA.   It was named as DNA polymerase. This particular enzyme is found in almost all cellular systems that synthesize genetically precise DNA. This is very important in the processes of replication, repair and rearrangements of DNA. Further research identified enzymes responsible for DNA metabolism, allowing the initiation and elongation of DNA chains and chromosomes. This paved the way for the discovery of recombinant DNA, a breakthrough technology that ignited the biotechnological revolution (Kornberg, 2005). After decades in the research on DNA replication, he diverted his concentration to studies in inorganic polyphosphate (poly P) in 1991. Poly P is a phosphate polymer that was hypothesized to have participated in prebiotic evolution. This polymer is basically found in every bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It has been dismissed as simply a molecular fossil, Kornberg found that there are different functions for poly P including stress responses, motility, and virulence in some pathogens (Kornberg, 2005). Besides conducting research studies, he has other pursuits such as educating graduate, medical and postdoctoral students. He also authored several monographs such as â€Å"DNA Synthesis† in 1974, â€Å"DNA Replication† in 1980, â€Å"Supplement to DNA Replication† in 1982, and Second Edition of â€Å"DNA Replication† in 1992. He also published a scientific autobiography entitled â€Å"For the Love of Enzymes: The Odyssey of a Biochemist† in 1989. Published by Univesity Science Books in July 1995, he released his book entitled â€Å"The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Venutre† which provided insights on the biotechnology from an expert (Kornberg, 2005). His academic career included his presidency of the American Society of Biological Chemistry in 1965. He also served as a president on advisory boards and councils of numerous universities, governmental, and industrial research facilities. He founded the  DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology that is a division of Schering-Plough, Inc. He also served as a member of its Policy and Scientific Advisory Boards. Futhermore, he served on the Scientific Advisory Boards of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Maxygen, and the Xoma Corp., and was also a member of the Board of Directors of XOMA Corporation (Kornberg 2005). Contributing further to his excellent curriculum vitae, he has received honors and gained memberships in the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, American Philosophical Society, and a number of honorary degrees such as the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959, the National Medal of Science in 1979, the Cosmos Club Award in 1995, and more. Arthur Kornberg died on March 26, 2007 due to respiratory complications (Kornberg, 2005 and Altman 2007). Undoubtedly, Kornberg’s contribution to the biotechnological society is unwavering. His research has paved the way for most of the scientific advances that the world is currently witnessing. His studies have proven indispensable in the understanding of human heredity, cellular mechanisms, and pyrophosphate functions. References Altman, Lawrence K. (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornberg, Biochemist, Dies at 89.† New York Times. Site last accessed December 12, 2007 from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/28/science/28kornberg.html?ex=1351224000en=7d92a32eb1f6fba9ei=5088partner=rssnytemc=rss Kornberg, Arthur (2005) â€Å"Autobiography: Arthur Kornberg.† Nobelprize.org. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1959/kornberg-bio.html Kumin, Jochen (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornberg (1918- ). About Biotech. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Arthur_Kornberg.html McCook, Alison (2007). â€Å"Arthur Kornber Dies.† TheScientist.com. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/53796/ â€Å"Arthur Kornberg† (2007). Telegraph.co.uk. Site last accessed on December 12, 2007 from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/10/29/db2901.xml             How to cite Arthur Kornberg: A Nobel Laureate, Essay examples